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Why do CKD Patients Have a Poor Appetite? Poor appetite is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and these symptoms worsen as the disease progresses. The continuous decline of the glomerular filtration rate in CKD patients is associated with a significant reduction in food intake. Around one-third of chronic dialysis patients complain of a fair or poor appetite. And this is directly related to poor patient outcomes. A close association between appetite, malnutrition, and inflammation has been reported in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Leptin inhibits food intake, stimulates energy expenditure, and modulates the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). 28-amino acid peptide ghrelin, synthesized principally in the stomach is responsible for increasing food intake and body weight. Lower levels of acyl ghrelin and obestatin are found in Hemodialysis patients. Increased PTH levels also influence the appetite negatively. Appetite Regulation The factors influencing food int...

  Every 7 th Indian is affected by mental disorders of varying severity in 2017. This number in India has almost doubled since 1990. And this burden of mental disorders in India is further estimated to increase by 23% of DALYs by the year 2025.  Depressive disorders (33·8%) and anxiety disorders (19·0%) are the highest contributors to DALYs due to mental disorders in India in 2017, followed by IDID (10·8%), schizophrenia (9·8%), bipolar disorder (6·9%), and conduct disorder (5·9%). Mental disorders are contributing significantly to morbidity, disability, low productivity, poor quality of life, and socioeconomic losses. Why are these numbers increasing in India? The fastest growing economy comes with a cost An increase in stress at the workplace and home, stressful life events, low mental health knowledge, attitudes and behaviors towards a mentally ill patient, history of physical and mental disorders, family history of mental disorders, and alcohol and substance use are the...

  Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) Around 40% of diabetes patients develop DKD which is the major cause of ESRD. DKD is a major but less recognized contributor to the global burden of disease. There is a 94% rise in deaths of DKD between 1990 and 2012. Most of the excess risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality for patients with diabetes is related to DKD. Metabolic changes in diabetes lead to glomerular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Despite current therapies, the risk of diabetic kidney disease onset and progression kept on increasing. The development of therapeutic agents targeting kidney-specific disease mechanisms (e.g., glomerular hyperfiltration, inflammation, and fibrosis) is urgently needed to improve health outcomes for patients with diabetic kidney disease. Risk Factors Advancing age with a family history of DKD and, high protein intake are the major risk factors for DKD. Males were found to have DKD more than ...